Asses the View That Pressure Groups Benefit Democracy Free Essays

Weight bunches have numerous highlights about them that decide if they are popularity based or undemocratic. On the off chance that we need to decide if Pressure Groups advantage popular government or not, we need to recognize what part they play in our general public. As we probably am aware, pluralists have an exceptionally positive view on pressure bunch governmental issues; accepting that they advance sound discussion and conversation. We will compose a custom article test on Asses the View That Pressure Groups Benefit Democracy or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now This is valid in certain parts of society and our majority rule government, however pressure bunches additionally have numerous undemocratic highlights about them. Right off the bat, the most significant majority rule highlight of weight bunches is their method of speaking to the individuals in our general public. Their fundamental capacity is to speak to our inclinations and the individuals who are of minority, ensuring that their voice gets heard, regardless of whether we take a functioning part or not. To exhibit how delegate they truly are, in for all intents and purposes the entirety of our exercises, there is most likely a gathering which is trying to make sure about great enactment or choices and to maintain a strategic distance from troublesome ones. Nonetheless, some weight bunch pioneers may not genuinely speak to their individuals. Worker's organization heads were accused of this and it stays a peril. Besides, party lawmakers are made responsible for their activities through the discretionary procedure and through agent organizations; which is viewed as vey equitable. Weight Group pioneers are not responsible, which implies that on the off chance that they don’t satisfy their agent points we can’t take care of business which passes on that weight bunches are undemocratic. Be that as it may, pressure bunches are viewed as exceptionally popularity based with regards to investment, and how they are causing a lot more individuals to participate in legislative issues, and make governmental issues increasingly mindful to individuals. A latent citizenship is regularly observed as an outrageous risk to majority rules system; numerous individuals don't include themselves in political movement; delivering the solid likelihood that the administration will get domineering, safe in that they realize that they’re force will most likely not get tested. Weight bunches are consequently significant on the grounds that right off the bat they forestall over the top gatherings of intensity and to guarantee that administration stays responsible to the individuals. It is realized that particularly youngsters appreciate partaking in shows which is proof for pressure bunches attempting to get individuals all the more politically mindful as dynamic. In any case, pressure bunches are questioned as undemocratic; because of their lopsided impact. Some weight bunches don't fit in with equitable standards around the idea of impact. On the off chance that all gatherings delighted in the measure of impact which their size and significance justified, the result may be viewed as vote based notwithstanding, a few gatherings employ more force that their relative significance. For instance, the cultivating network represents a minuscule extent of the complete populace however cultivates are answerable for a lot of our food gracefully. At last, pressure bunches most significant popularity based element is the way that they ensure we all, in little or huge gatherings, are assessed, granted an equivalent status, and secured. On the off chance that this doesn't work, we will basically be managed by the dominant part, which eventually implies that nothing would change. Larger part rule additionally, is certifiably not a genuine majority rules system. Looking for greater part support, ideological groups will definitely need to disregard the interests of numerous minorities. Weight bunches in this way have an exceptionally crucial impact in guaranteeing that gathering rule isn't changed over into oppression and minority bunches are heard. Another undemocratic factor anyway that can adjust how vote based weight bunches truly is their size and account. Obviously some weight bunches are significantly more affluent than others, having an out of line advantage. Everybody from sectional interests definitely gain reserves while good cause need to get their assets from the general population. It is viewed as undemocratic, in light of the fact that with specific rich gatherings, they have received the act of giving cash to ideological groups so as to look for a thoughtful government. A case of this is the occasion â€Å"cash for peerages† where it was claimed that cash was being given in kind for peerages. Besides pressure bunches size is viewed as an exceptionally undemocratic factor in light of the fact that despite the fact that some weight bunches have a sheer measure of numbers to proceed to dissent, it doesn't generally mirror the popular supposition. For instance, The prohibition on chasing with hounds for instance, 300,000 rioted and put the legislature into alarm. In any case, most of those individuals needed a full restriction on fox chasing. All in all, weighing up the majority rule and undemocratic highlights, generally speaking, pressure bunches do profit popular government. Right off the bat they advance solid discussion and conversation. Weight bunches have made a lot more individuals politically mindful and have expanded the measure of political support through showings, dissent, walks and even petitions. They may even be the purpose behind the expansion of political decision turnout in 2010 races because of them making individuals all the more politically mindful. Another way that weight bunches advantage popular government is their job of portrayal towards minorities just as everybody in our general public. Despite the fact that weight bunches do have a few viewpoints to them that are viewed as undemocratic, pressure bunch legislative issues is an exceptionally sound method of reinforcing our administration. Instructions to refer to Asses the View That Pressure Groups Benefit Democracy, Essay models

The Assassination of Shaka Zulu (September 24, 1828)

The Assassination of Shaka Zulu (September 24, 1828) Shaka kaSenzangakhona, Zulu ruler and originator of the Zulu domain, was killed by his two stepbrothers Dingane and Mhlangana at kwaDukuza in 1828-one date given is September 24. Dingane expected the seat after the death. Shakas Last Words Shakas final words have taken on a prophetic mantle-and famous South African/Zulu legend makes them tell Dingane and Mhlangana that it isn't they who will manage the Zulu country however white individuals who will come up from the ocean. Another adaptation says swallows will be the ones to administer, which is a reference to white individuals since they assemble places of mud as do swallows.​ Be that as it may, the variant which is most likely the most genuine version originates from Mkebeni kaDabulamanzi, King Cetshwayos nephew and grandson of King Mpande (another relative to Shaka)- Are you cutting me, rulers of the earth? You will reach a conclusion through executing each other. Shaka and the Zulu Nation Death by adversaries to the seat is a consistent in governments since the beginning and around the globe. Shaka was an ill-conceived child of a minor boss, Senzangakhona, while his half-brother Dingane was real. Shakas mother Nandi in the end was introduced as the third spouse of this boss, yet it was a despondent relationship, and she and her child were in the long run driven away. Shaka joined the military of the Mthethwa, drove by boss Dingiswayo. After Shakas father passed on in 1816, Dingiswayo upheld Shaka in killing his senior sibling, Sigujuana, who had expected the seat. Presently Shaka was the head of the Zulu, yet a vassal of Dingiswayo. When Dingiswayo was murdered by Zwide, Shaka accepted administration of the Mthethwa state and armed force. Shakas power developed as he rearranged the Zulu military framework. The long-bladed assegai and the bullhorn development were advancements that prompted more prominent accomplishment on the war zone. He had heartless military order and fused the two men and adolescents in his armed forces. He prohibited his soldiers to wed. He vanquished neighboring regions or made unions until he controlled all of present-day Natal. In doing as such, numerous opponents were constrained out of their domains and relocated, causing disturbance all through the district. Be that as it may, he was not in strife with the Europeans in the zone. He permitted some European pilgrims in the Zulu realm. Why Was Shaka Assassinated? When Shakas mother, Nandi, kicked the bucket in October 1827, his anguish prompted whimsical and dangerous conduct. He required every other person to lament with him and executed anybody he chose was not lamenting adequately, upwards of 7,000 individuals. He requested that no yields be planted and no milk could be utilized, two requests sure to incite starvation. Any pregnant lady would be executed, as would her better half. Shakas two relatives attempted more than once to kill him. Their effective endeavor came when the greater part of the Zulu troops had been sent north and security was careless at the imperial kraal. The siblings were joined by a worker, Mbopa. Records shift with regards to whether the hireling did the real executing or it was finished by the siblings. They dumped his body in an unfilled grain pit and filled the pit, so the specific area is obscure. Dingane expected the seat and cleansed followers to Shaka. He permitted the soldiers to wed and set up a property, which fabricated devotion with the military. He managed for a long time until he was vanquished by his relative Mpande.

Educating Rita :: Social Issues Racism Equality Essays

Instructing Rita Progress tends to endeavor to separate individuals into various gatherings. Our condition gauges and measures us; at that point places us into a specific organization. Straightforward and Rita are the very case of two people put in totally different social compartments. Their places in the public arena vary enormously as do their jobs as understudy and educator. But then as one analyzes the content of Educating Rita it appears as if two individuals, who society has endeavored to isolate from one another every way under the sun, despite everything share the world for all intents and purpose. The primary huge contrast in the two characters' economic wellbeing is their sex. Rita is a lady, Frank is a man. In spite of the fact that we may attempt to deny it, there is a significant distinction between what is normal from people. Age too has a huge impact as far as propositions desires. Straight to the point is moderately aged though Rita is still in her late twenties. Rita is confronting masses of companion pressure, it is anticipated from her that she should now have kids and become a housewife. Her being genuinely youthful and hitched, the idea of her returning to class as opposed to having babies is incredible, very irregular, and even inadmissible. Straight to the point, interestingly, is a moderately aged man and a divorcã ©. Most definitely, he is currently allowed to do his preferring. He has just filled his working class obligations; he is taught, he has something of a profession and he has been hitched. He presently has a sweetheart, which individuals respect that he is qualified for. No one anticipates that him should make a more profound promise to his better half, due, it appears, to the way that he has just been hitched once. These distinctions lead to a specific absence of sympathy for Frank's benefit. Straight to the point doesn't comprehend Rita's circumstance, the social weight put on her is limitless to him. Straight to the point accepts that life is a straightforward issue: don't cherish your significant other any longer, get a separation; would prefer not to have kids, don't have youngsters. What he doesn't see, is that Rita is limited by the methods for her general public, she's not permitted to vary from her mates, which greaterly affects her than Frank appears to figure it out. In a perspective, Frank is free and Rita isn't. Rita is limited by a ton of desires to satisfy, while Frank has leave to just appreciate the remainder of his

Harvard Club of NYC

Harvard Club of NYC June 2, 2013 The Yale Club is pretty cool. But were not fans of its swimming pool. Its not long enough for real swimmers! One of the many benefits of attending certain highly selective colleges is the opportunity to be a member at a club in New York City such as the Harvard Club or the Yale Club. If youve never heard of these clubs, maybe youre not a Law Order fan. Fred Thompson would often dine in establishments like the Harvard Club during his stint on the now defunct flagship Dick Wolf series. These clubs are very cool. When you walk in, they just smell like old money. These are not establishments of the nouveau riche. These are establishments of old money Ivy League elites. Want to impress a potential client? A lunch at the Harvard Club of NYC (where wearing jeans is absolutely not permissible) can do the trick. Want to play a game of squash with an employee? Bring him to the Yale Club (graduates of Dartmouth College and the University of Virginia can also belong to the Yale Club in New York City, by the way). If youre wondering, the Yale Club is located on Vanderbilt Avenue, right near Grand Central Terminal. It consists of twenty-two stories. You read that correctly. It has two bars, three dining rooms, a ridiculously small pool with a fancy ceiling (hey, weve swam in it and its kind of a silly length), and much more. Located in Midtown Manhattan, the original wing of the Harvard Club was built in 1894. It was designed by Charles Follen McKim in a red brick neo-Georgian style and the club happens to include a number of dining rooms, game rooms, a bar that Harvard grads take full advantage of, and even a business center. If youre not a Harvard grad, you can try sneaking in to check it out but security is pretty tight. Anyhow, well be writing more about these great clubs in the coming weeks. And, yes, Columbia, Princeton, Cornell, and Penn have clubs in New York City as well. Well be writing about these clubs, too!

Congressional Members By Income Analysis - 1484 Words

Congressional Members by Income In published reports, the median net worth of Americans in general, declined by ten percent between 2004 and 2010. In sharp contrast, the median net worth of Congressional members increased by fifteen percent during the same time period (Hutchinson 1). Hutchinson’s report demonstrates the insulation that members of Congress are afforded in times of economic downturn. With the median net worth of $913,000, Congressional members are spared the impact of harmful economic events such as increases in basic necessities such as milk, fuel, and utilities such as heat and water. In 2004, Democrats had a median net worth of $646,003, while Republicans had a reported median net worth of $932,024; by 2010, that†¦show more content†¦While public outcry has produced groups such as the Tea Party, who claim to favor nontraditional politics, it’s important to note that wealth is an important factor in campaigning. A person of modest income will find it more difficult to run for office than a person of a wealthy background. A person with wealth, by nature, runs in the same groups with his or her income level, and therefore has more access to raising money than a person who is not from a higher income level. A person who is not wealthy would have to do more fundraising, and acquire either larger contributions or small contributions from a greater number of people. The other factor that wealth plays in the political arena is the leveraging of time. A wealthy person is more able to devote time to campaign, while a person who does not have access to large income will have to work a full time job to support himself or his family. Wealth also affords the privileged with better educational opportunities. A person of low income will have to settle for more affordable colleges, or will have to take out massive amounts of student loans. Activists are constantly decrying the uncompassionate comments and policies that many in our government support. For example, many Congressmen view the Food Stamp program or SNAP as wasteful and abused. During our economic crisis, which was the worst in decades, the

Nursing Management free essay sample

General Objectives: The reporter formulated these objectives for the purpose of directing the students towards an organized discussion and to be able to present the topic in a clear and comprehensible approach. Specific Objectives: At the end of this topic students will be able to: †¢Define the mission or purpose statement, philosophy, vision, objectives and core values as it pertains to nursing services; †¢discuss the elements/ components of planning; enumerate the types and phases of strategic planning; †¢understand the importance of formulating mission, vision, value statements, objectives and philosophy act as a basis for any organization; and †¢understand the purposes and benefits of strategic planning. Elements/ Components of planning Forecasting or Estimate the future Set Objectives/Goals and Determine Results Desired Develop and Schedule Strategies, Programs/Projects/Activities; Set the Time Frame Prepare the Budget and Allocation of Resources Establish Policies Procedures and Standards Elements of Planning Forecast or Estimate the Future Forecasting is looking into the future. We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Refers to estimation of time series, cross sectional or longitudinal data. In making forecast, the planner should consider 3 things: †¢Agency †¢Community affected †¢Goals of care Forecast must be supported by facts, reasonable estimates and accurate reflection of policies and plans. Set Objectives/Goals and Determine Results Desired GOALS are broad statements of intent derived from the purposes of the organization †¢Is a desired aim or condition toward which one is willing to work †¢Individual goals- are personal goals; based on one’s desired in life †¢Group goals- may refer also to organizational goals although on a smaller scale †¢Organizational goals- management goals of an organization that are established to justify its existence ? Short term goals and long term goals Objectives ?The objectives of the Nursing Department is congruent to its vision as well as to the 11 key areas of responsibilities to nursing practice: ? To observe ethical principles and standards that govern nursing practice. (ethico-moral-legal responsibilities) ? To establish well coordinated referral system for the continuity of patient’s/ client’s care. (communication) ? To assure the application of acceptable performance of functions, duties, and responsibilities of every position in the nursing department. (safe quality nursing care, management of resources) ? To encourage its nursing personnel to participate in nursing research for improving nursing care. ( research) ? To utilize media for information campaign to intensify health education program. (health education) Mission The mission statement outlines the agency’s reason for existing ( whether hospital or health care), who the target clients are ( the poor, the needy, the middle or upper class), and what services will be provided ( in-patient, out-patient, emergency). Reason for the existence of the organization (Nursing service exist to promote and maintain health) Vision ?The Board of Nursing under the guidance of the Almighty, with its unquestionable integrity and commitment, envisions itself to be the ultimate authority in regulating the nursing profession in the Philippines and to lead nursing development to its highest level of excellence. The BON shall unwaveringly pursue the advancement of nursing development in the country by: 1. Providing leadership, information, options, scenarios and lobby efforts to targeted decision makers and stakeholders 2. Ensuring adherence to professional, ethical and legal standards as mandated by existing regulatory laws 3. Unifying the nursing sec tor through good governance 4. Fostering linkages with the domestic and international stakeholders Philosophy Philosophy is the sense of purpose of the organization and the reason behind its structure and goals. Philosophy states the beliefs that influence nursing practice and beliefs about health care. Policies Policies in general, they are guidelines to help in the safe and efficient achievement of organizational objectives Procedures Procedures are specific directions form implementing written policies Develop and Schedule Strategies, Programs/Projects/Activities; Set the Time Frame Strategy is the techniques, methods, or procedure by which the overall plan of the higher management achieves desired objectives. Programs are activities put together to facilitate attainment of some desired goals. Time Management is a technique for allocation of one’s time through the setting of goals, assigning priorities, identifying and eliminating time wastes and use of managerial techniques to reach goal s efficiently Principles of Time Management 1)Planning for contingencies-planning anticipates the problem that will arise from actions without thought 2)Listing of task-task to be accomplished should be done in sequence which are prioritized according to importance 3)Inventory 4)Sequencing 5)Setting and keeping deadlines- and adhering to deadline is an excellent exercise in self discipline 6)Deciding on how time will be spent

Research Paper Discuss Spam and Spyware an Example of the Topic Science and Technology Essays by

Research Paper Discuss Spam and Spyware Information technology deals with the employment of electronic computers and computer software and hardware to be able for the required information to be converted, stored, protected, processed, transmitted and retrieved safely and securely.In the 1970s, information technology came into being. However, the fundamental concepts of information technology had been alive before it was termed as information technology. The military and many industries had been able to help each other by developing electronics, computers and information theory. This was evident throughout the 20th century. With the efforts of the military and the funds it had provided, the discovery and innovation in the field of mechanization and computing has been able to provide motivation for newer developments. Need essay sample on "Research Paper Discuss Spam and Spyware" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed University Students Frequently Tell Us: Idon't want to write my essay. Because I want to spend time with my boyfriend Professional writers advise: Help With Essay Writing. Here Is Your Life Vest! Essay Writing Services Essay Review Service How to Make Assignment Essay Company According to the history of the information technology, the first computer to be able to used commercially was the UNIVAC I. It was officially released for the use in the United States Census Bureau. This was designed by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert. During the years when information technology was coiled, the use of microcomputers had been very rampant. This was closely followed by the discovery of the personal computers by the IBM. As the years had progressed, there were four generations of information technology. This four generations had been able to be characterized by decreasing in the size of computers but increasing in the capabilities it can offer. The first generation had used the vacuum tubes whilr the second generation was called the transistors. The third generation used the integrated circuits. And the fourth generation used the very-large-scale-integration which is also widely used until these times. Today, the term information technology had catered many uses in terms of computing and technology. It is widely used for installing computers as well as for the design of different complex structures of the computers and the storage of information databases. Importance of Information Technology Many rapid changes in information technology had occurred. These changes had included the changes in the technology of semiconductor, the storage of information and the various concepts of networking. This changes when combined with the developments in software had been able to allow new opportunities in applications. It had also help in the reduction of costs and the extensive dissemination of information technology. It had also greatly contributed in making information technology more functional and it had further pushed the unending expansion of information technology (National Science Indicators, 2000). Significance of information technology in the semiconductor technology had been evident in terms of the new advances that information technology had created. Improvements in the presentation of integrated circuits the huge reduction of costs that had been massive had given much emphasis for the advances in information technology to happen. The rampant change of these integrated circuits from large to miniatures had been a great drive for the development of the different advances in the field of information technology. The discovery of the semiconductor chips had offered its users a less expensive cost but a more powerful tool to be used in computing for important devices and equipments. Moreover, semiconductor chips had been omnipresent nowadays. Together with the advancement in the field of semiconductors technology, new capabilities were being added up to the semiconductor chips that had made it a more powerful one. This includes the microelectromechanical systems more commonly kno wn as the MEMs. Microelectromechanical systems are made up of sensors and actuators and processors of digital signal. Processors of digital signal will be able to facilitate the decrease in costs and most importantly it will be able to widen information technology into kinds of devices that are newer. Spam and Spyware Spam is defined in electronics as the bulk electronic messages. This bulk of messages are all unwanted and undesired (Aguilar, 1998). The act of using spam is called spamming wherein it is the abuse of electronic messaging systems. E-mail spam is known to be the most widely known kind of spam. Other abusive spam is very common in other media such as the instant messaging system, Usenet newsgroup spam and Web search spam. Others include spasm in blogs, mobile phone messaging, internet forum and some junk fax transmission. History had noted that the term spam came from the Monty Phyton Spam Sketch. This was set in a nearby caf wherein everything that they serve includes the widely known luncheon meat SPAM. The spam-filled menu when recited by the servers some of the costumers (Viking patrons) of the caf gets the attention of all the other costumers by singing in chorus a song which goes Spam, spam, spam, spam.. lovely spam, wonderful spam. The term spam had not been widely used in 1970 although the first emergence of unsolicited commercial email had taken place during this year. In 1980, spam was used to explain the act that the abusive users who have repeatedly used the word spam in the Bulletin Board Systems and Multi User Dimensions. The result of the repeatedly used word (spam) will let the users text to disappear in their screen (Templeton, 2007). As the years had passed, the term spam was used on USENET. The term means that there is an excessive multiple posting. The excessive multiple posting also means repeated posting of the same messages. This was done by Mr. Joel Furr in response to the result of the Automated Retroactive Minimal Moderation incident. A small piece of experimental software which caused thousands of recursive messages sent on the newsgroup called the news.admin.policy as the response of Mr. Furr to the ARMM incident. In 1994, Laurence Canter and Martha Siegel started the commercial spamming. Because of the development of the Green Card Spam, several postings in the email as a means of advertisement had begun (Templeton, 2007). Spyware is defined as the secretly installed computer software on a personal computer interrupt the users interaction with the computer. This can take place without the consent of the computer user. The threats of spyware by the computer user do not only end in the secret monitoring and interference of the user but it can also extend in terms of collecting various personal information. It can also get in the way of the users control over the computer by the attempt of installation of programs or software by a third party. Other activities such as redirecting the browser of the web or switching the revenue of advertising to a third party from the original user of the computer. Spyware was first used when someone poked fun at the Microsofts business model that was posted using the USENET. Spyware makes sense in terms of spying activities (Vossen, 1997). A study that was done by America On Line, Inc. and the National Cyber-Security Alliance presented that among the computer users they surveyed, there is a sixty one percent spam was present in the computers of the surveyed computer users. Moreover, results have shown a ninety-two percent of the computer users were unaware of the spam present in their computers. There is also a ninety one percent among these computer users that have not given any permission that a spyware be installed in their computers (AOL/NCSA Online Safety Study, 2005). The Microsoft Windows operating systems had been a home for many spyware. As of 2006, spyware had become the most excellent security threats present in many operating systems. There was an estimate that has been released by Webroot Software that nine out of ten computer users that uses the internet were infected by various spyware ( Spyware Education Center, 2007). Solutions to SPAM and SPYWARE Troublesome problems of spams are still widely used today but the development of state of the art software like antispams can eliminate threats that spams have created. An analyst in the person of Miss Richi Jennings added that the omnipresent use of the antispam software can justify the threats that spam had created. Moreover, the strategy of eliminating spams will start by means of making the spams invisible by the people using computers. Those people who will not be able to see the computer generated spams will not be able to buy the advertised products in the spam ads. And when the advertised products are no longer paid by the consumers, spammers wont be able to develop more spams since they will not get any more payments for their work. This strategy will little by little stop the problems created by spams (Parizo, 2006). There were some proposed solutions to solve the problems of undesired junk emails. Recipient revolt is one of the solutions wherein this was used by legitimate companies to scare those people sending them unwanted junk e-mails. Another solution is the use of black list system. This is a great help since it is able to use a database of the recognized abusers. Unknown addresses by the computer users can also be filtered by the use of the blacklist system. By also hiding or refusing to reveal the users email address, you are able to prevent yourself from getting unwanted junk messages (Templeton, 2003) References: Aguilar, Rose. (1998). Oxford Dictionary adds Net terms. CNET Networks. AOL/NCSA Online Safety Study. (2005). America Online & The National Cyber Security Alliance. Spyware Education Center. (2007). Spyware Info and Facts that All Internet Users must Know. Webroot Software.com. Templeton, Brad. (2007). The origin of the term spam to mean net business. Templeton, Brad (2003). The Spam Solutions, An overview of Solutions to the junk email problems. Vossen, Roland. (1995) Win 95 Source code in c!!

Students and Literature Circles Essays

Students and Literature Circles Essays Students and Literature Circles Essay Students and Literature Circles Essay Essay Topic: Students Literature circles involve students in rich conversations about what they had read. Students can express their opinions, predictions and questions about the book they read. Working in a literature circle taught me a lot of things. First I learn that I interrupt my group members when their talking and I do not wait until it my turn to talk. I also learn that I should let the quiet students in my group talk first. First of all, during this project, I learn that I interrupt by talking a lot. For example, there was a day when a student (A) was talking, and I wasnt paying any attention to him. Instead, I was chatting with the person next to me. It made the whole group is not paying attention to him too, just because of me. The other day when the student (D) was talking to me, I got out of the topic, and I started to talk about something else and my group join in too/. It made the student (D) mad. However after a couple of meeting in a literature circle, I learned how to wait for my turn to talk. For example, when a student (C) was talking to the group I wanted to say something, but I waited until the student (C) asks me what do I think. The student (C) did not start with the quiet students in my group to talk first instead he started with the students who are not quiet. When we started working in a literature circle, we did not let the quiet student talk first. For example, when I was the Discussion Director I did not ask the quiet students to talk first instead I asked the others students who were not quiet. When was finally their turn to talk they just agreed with other students and they did not talk the much. In addition, each time when my group are having a conversation it not really an open conversation. For example, when the student (D) was discussing about the drawing he made we started having a little conversation. The conversation was not a really open because the student (D) did not asked the quiet students first. It was diffic

Review of Accounting Ethics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Review of Accounting Ethics - Assignment Example Other reasons behind such accounting ethical breaches are the avoidance of taxes, prevention from a legal or regulatory consequence, approving the loans from the financial institutions, etc. (Weil, 2012) The importance of accounting ethical breaches is highlighted more especially in the events when the public money is involved in the financing of the organizations. Such organizations which are keen enough to attract the external financing through representation of general-public are willing to portray their desired financial results to the upcoming investors of the organization. By such ready-made results, these organizations tend to mislead the investors so that their shares can be fully subscribed and the company can raise their required amount of money in the first stance. Besides the accounting standards, there are some code of ethics have been issued by the regulators to assist the companies in making their financial statements more ethical. ... Groupon Inc. went to general-public for raising external financing through issuance of shares to the common investors. The share price of the company surged from $20 to $31 on the first trading day of the shares of the company. The underwriters of the company like Morgan Stanley, JP Morgan Chase, Credit Suisse, Goldman Sachs and others millions of dollars in creating a hype for this stock in the form of underwriting fee. With conservative estimations, it is believed that those investors who bought the shares of Groupon Inc. have lost some $9 billion in total since November 4, 2011, the first trading day of the Groupon Inc.’s stock. The share price of the company fell to around $13 from a high of $31 since its inception. However, the original backer of the company’s shares, Mason, Eric and others kept their holdings with them and did not sell any portion thereof. On account of such holdings that they kept with them of the stocks of Groupon Inc., they received an incentiv e named as â€Å"payday† which was a fat reward for such endeavor (Weil, 2012). Financial analysts and critics believe that it was mainly the fault of the management of the Groupon Inc. using such aggressive accounting to cause such debacle. The accounting treatment of the company was so aggressive that the Securities and Exchange Commission of US had to intervene in the financial matters of Groupon Inc. twice before the launch of its IPO. The accountants of the Groupon Inc. recognized the full revenues of the coupons that they sell to their merchants. The company booked all the revenues in this regard which heightened its earnings sharply just before the launch of the IPO. At that time, the analysts were

Care of the highly dependent postoperative patient Essay

Care of the highly dependent postoperative patient - Essay Example He had a bloc resection of rectal cancer and had been treated with sigmoid colectomy. Right hemicolectomy fallowed by HIPES (treated intra peritoney chemotherapy) solitary liver metastasis. The patient came into recovery room breathing spontaneously. His blood pressure was110/60. His pulse 82, resps 9, SpO2 with oxygen 40% via face mask. Right Jugular CVP line left hand arterial line, intercostals x2, bupivacain 0.25%. Silicon drain and abovac plasma lite 1000. I.V. continued. CVP and arterial line has been attached to monitor. First 1/2 hour patient observation was done every 5 min.-ABCDE was administered. After 15 min. BP-high, puls-100, RR-normal. On question are u in pain, patient answer severe pain. Morphine PCA attached and explained how to use, continued with boluses of 2.5mg, morphine via PCA pump. After 1/2 hour arterial blood gas sample done, showing respiratory acidosis. Patient is with urinal catheter, urine output monitoring hourly. Fluids maintenance done, fluid balance monitoring hourly for 24 hours. This paper explores the post operative care of this patient. Variables such as the level of debility before surgery, operate complexity and severity of underlying cirrhosis appear to significantly influence the rapidity at which a patient progresses through his or her early postoperative recovery stage (Leaper, & Whitaker, 2010). Most of the key liver resections are attributed to the liver’s regenerative capacity. They are well tolerated by patients and it is rare for patients to experience biochemical abnormalities. Patients having compensated liver cirrhosis and the complications that come with it are more susceptible to intraoperative blood losses that make the organ functions to deteriorate and lead to the loss of its reserve capacity to withstand stress causing life-threatening complications (Leaper, & Whitaker, 2010).

Taking Things for Granted Essay Example for Free

Taking Things for Granted Essay I remember that day as if it was yesterday. It started like any other day; I got up quickly grabbed a Twix ice cream bar for breakfast and went to the bus stop. Although Thanksgiving was a few days away, the air was still warm but crisp and I could not wait to get on the bus and talk with my friends about my plans for my birthday party. We arrived at school and I sat in my first period class environmental science. Everything seemed to be going just as it should. While doing my morning work suddenly my stomach sank and I knew something was not right. I arrived home from school later than normal, but my mom still had not arrived. I picked up the phone to call her, when she answered the phone she did not sound like herself. She had been crying and I knew something was wrong. What could it be? I asked if she was ok, she said she would be home later and the phone hung up. Later that day I would learn never to take your loved ones for granted. The doorbell ranged, my first thought was why my mom did not just walk in after all she had a key. I opened the door and was surprised to see my grandmother and my aunt. I wonder where my mother was. I was overjoyed to see my grandmother and aunt because they lived out of town. As soon as they arrived, we went to the grocery store so grandma could make her homemade biscuits and her marshmallow hot chocolate. While my grandmother was making her homemade biscuits, I got a phone call from a friend he told me that he was sorry for what happened to my dad. I laughed and replied nothing happened to my dad and that he had the wrong person. He told me my dad’s head was decapitated at work. I immediately hung up the phone and ran downstairs. I completely forgot about where my mom and dad were. It all made sense. That is why my grandma and aunt were here. I ran downstairs; I wanted to know why no one told me that my dad was dead. The color drained from my aunt and grandmothers face. They were speechless. The first question they asked was who told you that. They explained that it was not my dad’s head but his hand. They told me that he was in the hospital and was going to be in surgery for twenty hours. They did not know whether he would live or not. I cried. I never got the chance to say goodbye. Several days had passed and I finally got the opportunity to see my dad. As I walked down the hallway, my heart began to beat faster and faster. I did not know what I was going to see or how to react. I opened the door and there was my dad lying in the hospital bed. I had a flashback of every good time we ever had. I walked closer to the bed and called my dad’s name. He weakly replied that he loved me. I smiled as tears rolled down my face. My dad was still alive. The next few months were the toughest. I never imagined my dad trying to commit suicide, being depressed, or crying at night. When I thought of my dad, I thought tough and strong but I realized that anything could happen, even to the strongest of us. I almost lost my dad once and if it ever came to the point of me losing him for good, I would want to know that I never took for granted that I had a father who cared and would do anything for me. Today my dad is perfectly healthy. As a family, we have learned to adapt to his physical changes of not having a hand. This experience has had its difficulties but at the end of the day, we are still a family that supports one another. We have learned to take a day at a time.

An Ironic Night :: essays research papers

It was Friday night January 12 and Tanya, Heidi, and I were on our way to the movies. We drove in Heidi’s brand new 2000 silver Mustang. We were in the car listening to music and happy to get to see the movie that we have been waiting to see. We were going to see Save the Last Dance at 7:25 at Creve Coeur AMC Theater. Heidi took Lindbergh south to Old Olive until we reached the movie theater. The next exit was Old Olive and we got off at it. At that time it was about 7:10. The movie was going to start in 15 minutes. We didn’t want to rush because we knew that we had to find a parking spot and then get seats as well. As we were driving towards the movie theater we noticed a lot of cars coming out. That meant the theater was probably crowded. We started to slow down and make a left turn into Creve Coeur Cinema. Heidi was at a dead stop in the left lane with her blinker on to turn left. Many cars were coming out of the theater and not letting her enter the parking lot. I turned to Heidi and told her, "Heidi scoot up a lil’ bit so you have a chance to get in." "Ok," replied Heidi. Just then I turned to the right and looked at the people doing clean-ups at Creve Coeur Waterway. Heidi was still waiting for her turn. All of a sudden we hear and feel a huge thud. All at once the air bags flew out and the car jumped into the other lane. As soon as we realized what happened we jumped out of the car. Being that I was so shocked and freaked out I forgot that Tanya was in the back seat. I let her out quickly and then all I could hear after that was Heidi screaming. "OH MY GOD! OH MY GOD! OH MY GOD!" "What the heck happened," I said. "Look at my car! Look at what they did to my car! You are going to pay for this" Heidi shouted. I turned to look at Tanya and she had just dialed the police with her cell phone. Everything had happened so fast. Within a few minutes the cop showed up. Heidi was still screaming and then she called her mom. Just then Tanya and I called our parents to let them know what happened and that we were ok.

Democracy Essay

Professional politicians, if by nothing else than by a simple Darwinian processes, are very good at perceiving such things, and give the people exactly want: age government deficits. For example, in every present and past democracy, the people always claim that they want politicians who will not accept bribes, when in fact this is the farthest thing from the truth.What the people really want, as they repeatedly demonstrate from the voting, is politicians who will spending huge amounts of money on multi-media campaigns to win votes, who will spend massive amounts of time coming to their towns to speak to the local rotary club or school (for a fee), and who will spend massive amounts of time influencing legislation to win government contracts for local businesses. There are, of course, many other robbers with democracy. In all known democracies, the media flourishes.Science has not yet found a solution to this problem. In a democracy, you will Incessantly be subjected to hearing the Id eas, speculation, and bizarre prognostications of everyone around you. The media multiplies this problem a thousands. TRIAL BY JURY: When one Is accused by the state of a crime, the second scariest thought you can have Is that you will be tried by a Jury of your peers. The only thing scarier than this Is to be tried a Jury of your peers.The only thing scarier than a democratically elected government which allows Its citizens to own sophisticated weaponry Is a democratically elected government which goes NOT allow Its colleens to own sophisticated weaponry. Democracy – Essay 3 By Vienna POLLS: One way in which the media attempts to tell people what to think is by again, you will understand it. Fortunately, the results of these polls invariably conflict with each other and with reality, so that prolonged exposure builds up immunities.People who live in a democracy, since they believe they have some influence over the law, tend to extrapolate this into the belief that the law me ans whatever they want it to mean. (The media probably plays a role in this, though we LAWYERS: They come with litigation. Experiments show that when the population of incessantly be subjected to hearing the ideas, speculation, and bizarre thousands. When one is accused by the state of a crime, the second scariest thought you can have is that you will be tried by a Jury of your peers. The only thing scarier than this is to be tried WITHOUT a Jury of your peers. WEAPONRY: The only thing scarier than a democratically elected government which allows its citizens to own sophisticated weaponry is a democratically elected government which does NOT allow its citizens to own sophisticated weaponry.

Understanding The Words Culture, Management Terms, And...

Every country has different management practices. They all have unique approaches that have been found to be the most adequate or efficient way in accomplishing specific objectives. At some point we have heard the English terms culture, management terms, and business culture, yet we don’t have much knowledge about these terms definitions. On the other hand, some of us are not familiar with terms such as â€Å"wa†, â€Å"quanxi†, and â€Å" inhwa†, Which these terms are essential management terms in Japan, China, and South Korea. In this paper I will be analyzing my findings on the words culture, management terms, business culture, â€Å"wa†, â€Å"quanxi†, â€Å"inhwa†, what would be similar terms to describe American management practices, and if these terms sufficiently capture American management practices. Culture is a very broad word with multiple definitions. It can be defined as the knowledge, experience, beliefs, attitude and va lues passed from one generation to another. Culture can also be interpreted as a certain way of thinking and behavior that prevail in a place or organization. On the other hand, management is the act of controlling and most importantly making business decisions. Whereas term, is an expression used to indicate a concept in a specific kind of language or branch of study. If we combine the two words, management and terms, from the definition provided, the term refers to certain terminology used in the administration process of an organization/ entity. According to theShow MoreRelatedJapan, South Korean, And America Management Practices1194 Words   |  5 Pages South Korean, and America Management Practices Every country has different management practices. They all have unique approaches that have been found to be the most adequate or efficient way in accomplishing specific objectives. We have heard the English terms culture, management terms, and business culture, which are commonly used business terms in America. Nonetheless, we don’t have much knowledge about international business terms. International business terms such as â€Å"wa†, â€Å"quanxi†, andRead MoreHuman Management Practices At Japan, China, And South Korea1218 Words   |  5 Pagescountry has different management practices. They all have unique approaches that have been found to be the most adequate or efficient way in accomplishing specific objectives. We have heard the English terms culture, management terms, and business culture, which are commonly used business terms in America. Nonetheless, we don’t have much knowledge about international business terms. International business terms such as â€Å"wa†, â€Å"quanxi†, and â€Å" inhwa†, which are essential management terms in Japan, China,Read MoreImplementing Lean Into Smes Within Saudi Arabia Manufacturing Industries1680 Words   |  7 Pagesmanufacturing industries faces difficulties, while in larger companies, it is more likely to be implemented succesfully and gain the advantages of lean systems (Karim et al., 2011). Moreover, the culture of the organization plays a vital role, especially for the managers facing challenges to change culture (Graham-jones and Muhareb, 2015). It is necessary to have a feasible lean framework to assist the SMEs to implement lean successfully (Pingyu and Yu, 2010) . Saudi Arabia’s economy has depended onRead MoreGlobal Business Cultural Analysis Of Japan Essay1627 Words   |  7 Pages Global Business Cultural Analysis: Japan James Hendricks Liberty University  Global Business Cultural Analysis: Japan Technological advancement has made globalization an inevitable factor that businesses of the future will need to consider in order to be successful. Increasingly, companies that have been solely domestic are branching out internationally for a wide variety of reasons, but in the end, it’s all about making profits from previously inaccessible market segments. Read MoreThe Second Hofstede Cultural Dimension Compared : Individualism Vs. Collectivism1643 Words   |  7 Pagesand American cultures, American culture scored relatively high (91) in the individualism dimension. On the contrary, the Japanese culture scored relatively low (46) which firmly categorizes the culture as Collectivist. To clarify, Americans places self over group (Individualist), whereas the Japanese value group over self (Collectivist). As it relates to Snap Fitness’s desire to open fitness clubs in Japan, group think may lend itself to two very lucrative aspects of the business. First, a collecti vistRead MoreJapanese Education vs American Education1106 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of Japanese Business Culture Along with recent globalization, the business market is now diffused everywhere in the world. Consequently, mega-competition and international co-operation are promoted simultaneously in the field of business. Under this circumstance, learning and understanding the business culture each country has is important to succeed in global business. As business culture is indivisible from a country’s cultural uniqueness, American-style business is formed in theRead MoreDoing Business in Korea Essay1610 Words   |  7 Pagespride in their nation and ancestors. The Korean culture is very foreign from that of Western society. Korea’s business culture is difficult for Americans to decipher. There are websites such as Korea4expats, koreanzbc, and even studies at universities such as Miami have done studies on these significant differences in business culture. American businesses biggest opportunity with Korea businesses is shifting away from their direct approach and understanding Korea’s underlying tones and nonverbal behaviorsRead MoreDefinition Of Dimensions Of Culture998 Words   |  4 Pages Dimensions of culture is an idea that expands over many professional and academic categories. Personally, this topic urges my curiosities cause of the career path I have chosen. I am on the path to becoming an Air Force Officer. This career possesses many different challenges and dealing with various dimensions of culture is a prominent aspect. Communication with various allied countries, respecting religious traditions, maintaining ethical values, recognizing religious and social customs are justRead MoreVietnamese Culture Evaluation1348 Words   |  6 PagesAssement 1 (1000 words): Discusss the key dimensions of national culture in your domicile (home) country using the frameworks of Hofstede (2001) including: Power Distance; Uncertainty avoidance; Individualism/ Collectivism; Masculinity/ femininity; long term orientation. Introduction In the â€Å"flat† world today, opening a business on abroad will be easier than before (Friedman, 2005). The manager from other countries will need to face with other culture aspect that they never met before. InRead MoreImpact Of Management On The Globalization Of Business1374 Words   |  6 Pages Impact of management in the globalization of business Ruth Wills University of the People Abstract The purpose of this paper is to show impact of management in the globalization of business. The following topics are addressed in this paper: 1. Definition of Multi-National Corporation 2. Cultures and Norms 3. Management Style and Culture Shock 4. Management Style of a Multi-National Corporation : Toyota Motors 5. Ethical and Economic challenges faced Multinational Corporation

What Influenced Edgar Allan Poes Writing Style - 771 Words

What Influenced Edgar Allan Poe’s Writing Style? Edgar Allan Poe, born in 1809, is a critic, mystery and short story writer, but most importantly a poet. Edgar’s troubled life greatly influenced his works. As a young boy, Edgar loved to compose poems for his loved ones. But as he grew older, Edgar started to experience pains and tragedies in life, causing him to abuse on opium and alcohol. These were scenes behind the years of Edgar’s dark writings. When Edgar was born, his father abandoned the entire family. Then Edgar’s mother died of tuberculosis when he was only 3 years old. He was then orphaned by John Allan and Frances Keeling Valentine Allan. Edgar, as a young child, had a good stepfather-son relationship, but as Edgar†¦show more content†¦Edgar moved in Richmond with his Aunt and her daughter named Virginia, where he worked for The Messenger magazine. His magnificent writing soon gained the magazine popularity, but his drug abuse forced his boss to eventually fire him. From there he moved up north after marrying his young cousin, Virginia. In 1847, however, his wife Virginia died of tuberculosis. This death led to Poe’s excessive drinking, which would negatively affect the rest of his life, causing variousShow MoreRelatedEdgar Allan Poe Revlutionized Literature in the 19th Century665 Words   |  3 PagesEdgar Allan Poe revolutionized the literary world of the nineteenth century. Poe is a well- known author from the early 1800’s, who was part of the dark romanticism movement. While later in life he was a brilliant writer, Edgar Allan Poe faced many problems in his early life. Although Poe experienced death within his family at a young age, the hardships he encountered are thought to have influenced his dark writing style. These death inspired elements within Poe’s writing were ahead of their timeRead MoreThe Life and Works of Edgar Allan Poe Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pages Throughout the life of Edgar Allan Poe, he suffered many unfortunate events and endured several difficult situations. Some speculate that it was these experiences that helped to formulate the famous writing style of Edgar Allan Poe. His dark tales such as The Masque of the Red Death and The Tell-Tale Heart are horrific, and his poems such as Alone and The Raven show evidence that his life experiences influenced their dreariness. Poes story plots and his own life are undeniably related andR ead MoreEdgar Allan Poe Biography. By. Alyssa Marshall.1260 Words   |  6 Pages Edgar Allan Poe Biography By Alyssa Marshall Mrs. Guinn English III March 6, 2017 Abstract Edgar Allan Poe was a writer in the â€Å"Gothic Era†, many of his stories genres are horror like â€Å" The Masque of The Red Death†, mystery such as â€Å" The Fall of The House of Usher†, lost love as in â€Å" The Raven†, and obsession such as â€Å" The Pit and The Pendulum†. Edgar’s poemsRead MoreEdgar Allan Poes Impact on American Literature1379 Words   |  6 PagesEdgar Allan Poe is one of the most influential writers of the horror genre in American history. His horror stories have impacted numerous authors and their stories over the years. Various people have tried to copy his way of writing style, but they have failed to achieve the success he did. Even though Poe is no longer living, his impact on American literature can still be felt today. Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts on January 19, 1809. Even though Edgar Allan Poe did not growRead MoreAn Analysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Black Cat 1650 Words   |  7 PagesBrittany White Mrs. Bey English 1101 1 April 2015 A Day in the Life Edgar Allan Poe is a very talked about writer. He has a dark, mysterious, gothic writing style. Poe was a troubled man that struggled in a lot of different areas in his life. It is believed that all of Edgar Allan Poe’s short stories were connected to his tragic life events. â€Å"The Black Cat† is one of Edgar’s well-known short stories. It is about a man that endured a series of tragic events. This man was very feminine and his lackRead MoreAnalysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Raven And The Fall Of The House Of Usher 896 Words   |  4 PagesEdgar Allan Poe is an extremely well known American writer and is famous for his horrific and mysterious works such as, â€Å"The Raven† and â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher.† Poe was born in 1809 in Boston, Massachusetts in an era that seems to have many dark and ominous writers and pieces of literature originating from that time period. Poe is said to have launched the interest in many of the detective type stories that we read from modern day writers. â€Å"In the early 1800s, romanticism was the dominantRead MoreThe Tortured Poet : Edgar Allan Poe1312 Words   |  6 PagesThe Tortured Poet: Edgar Allan Poe â€Å"Beauty is the sole legitimate province of the poem† Poe, Edgar Allan. The Philosophy of Composition. 1846. The name Poe often brings to mind tales of horror and mystery, but this Poe was also a writer of sophisticated poems, capable of extreme poetic beauty within a dark genre of writing. Poe never lived the happiest of lives, but his writing is extraordinary, both for its execution, and for the sheer elegance of the words which he found to write upon the pageRead MoreInfluence That Endures Ever More: Edgar Allan Poe908 Words   |  4 PagesInfluence That Endures Ever More: Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe once said, â€Å"Words have no power to impress the mind without the exquisite horror of their reality.† Edgar Allan Poe was one of the most influential people in literary history and his words had the great power to impress the mind. More than 150 years after the death of Edgar Allan Poe, his writings are still influencing and inspiring writers today. Edgar Allan Poe was one of the a greatest literary influences of the 19th century andRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe s Writing Style1303 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Beauty is the sole legitimate province of the poem† Poe, Edgar Allan. The Philosophy of Composition. 1846. The name Poe often brings to mind tales of horror and mystery, but this Poe was also a writer of sophisticated poems, capable of extreme poetic beauty within a dark genre of writing. Poe never lived the happiest of lives, but his writing is extraordinary, both for its execution, and for the sheer elegance of the words which he found to write upon the page. Death is among one of the recurringRead MoreLife Darker Than Night By Edgar Allan Poe961 Words   |  4 PagesLife Darker than Night Great American writer and creator of short stories, Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston on January 19, 1809. According to Charles E. May, a literary scholar, who specializes in the study of the short story, â€Å"Poe is very important in the history of American culture †¦ , he developed short fictions as a genre that was to have a major impact on American literature†¦ in nineteenth century† (May 5). Despite the huge amount short stories written and sold, Poe unsuccessfully tried

Personal Narrative Something You ll Always Forget

Logan Fox Lora Meredith English 1020 October 12, 2014 Anesthesiology: Something you’ll always forget â€Å"Count down from ten, and soon you’ll be asleep. We’ll wake you up when the operation is over,† a common phrase from any anesthesiologist. Anesthesiology is a very big field in the world of medicine, and few know about it. From pain management, to full surgical procedures, looking back at anesthesia has shown many advancements in the medical field. Over the years, anesthetics have made some vast improvements. It is essential to know what an anesthesiologist is, the history of anesthetics, and how to become one. This is in part to understand how an anesthesiologist impacts the medical field and why one may want to become one. First of all, one must know what anesthesiology and an anesthesiologist are to understand what is going to be gone over. The history of anesthetics need to be covered also, to get a better grasp of the concept. According to Stephen J. Thomas, a professional at New York’s Presbyterian Hospital, anesthesiology is the practice of me dicine dedicated to the relief of pain and total care of the surgical patient before, during and after surgery. Stemming off of that, an anesthesiologist is a doctor (MD or DO) who practices anesthesia. They specialize in perioperative care, development of an anesthetic plan, and the administration of anesthetics (Thomas). They then use these techniques and newer techniques to properly perform surgery or other proceduresShow MoreRelatedPersonal Narrative : Something You ll Always Forget1904 Words   |  8 PagesLogan Fox Lora Meredith English 1020 October 12, 2014 Anesthesiology: Something you’ll always forget â€Å"Count down from ten, and soon you’ll be asleep. We’ll wake you up when the operation is over,† a common phrase from any anesthesiologist. Anesthesiology is a very big field in the world of medicine, and few know about it. From pain management, to full surgical procedures, looking back at anesthesia has shown many advancements in the medical field. Over the years, anesthetics have made some vastRead MoreThe As An Academic Poet2249 Words   |  9 PagesAlthough Zapruder can be considered an academic poet, currently making his living as a faculty member at UC Riverside-Palm Desert, his poetry reaches out to grasp the mundane life of everyday people, distort it into something unrecognizable, and pull in even the most indifferent reader. The subjects of his poetry vary from people and objects that are encountered on a daily basis to pop culture to scientific research. Stripped of the formalities of set structures and rhymed lines, his poems are honestRead More The Irish Potato Famine and The Holocaust in Literature Essay5665 Words   |  23 Pagespoetry? After looking extensively at the poetry narrating the events of both historical traumas, I propose that historical trauma can be conveyed effectively through poetry. Most importantly, one should be aware that what is said by the author is not always as important as what is left unsaid. The Irish Potato Famine and Its Poetry The Irish Potato Famine occurred during the period from 1845 to around 1850. A fungus tainted and therefore ruined the food supply and livelihood of many IrishRead MoreThe Media s Sense Of Identity And Culture.the Project Is Part Of A Third Year Media Studies Course Essay2493 Words   |  10 Pagesbe able to be themselves and so they try to foster that sort of environment when they’re around each other but then when you start coming into like, different generations (. . .) I don’t know I guess in New Zealand there’s this whole culture of wanting to be like America-: (. . .) I guess um. It’s a pretty laid-back culture and at the same time it’s a very busy, (. . .), always needing to do stuff sort of a culture as well. While Bronty appeared to consider her cultural background as inclusive ofRead MoreAmerican Literature11652 Words   |  47 PagesRenaissance Postmodernism Contemporary Puritan Times period of American Literature - 1650-1750 Content: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · errand into the wilderness be a city upon a hill Christian utopia Genre/Style: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · sermons, diaries personal narratives captivity narratives jeremiads written in plain style Effect: ï‚ · ï‚ · instructive reinforces authority of the Bible and church Historical Context: ï‚ · ï‚ · a person s fate is determined by God all people are corrupt and must be saved by Christ Read MoreLangston Hughes : The American Dream And Southern Migration With The Reality Of Prejudice2931 Words   |  12 Pagesplace as one of the greatest writers in American Literature to this day. This achievement is due to his thought provoking use of certain styles and techniques to portray his main themes and ideas. Many of Langston Hughes’ themes originated from his personal feelings and experiences. Hughes thus centers his themes around the ups and downs of African Americans living in America during his time. Langston Hughes contrasts the American Dream and northern migration with the reality of prejudice against NegroesRead MoreLanguage of Advertising20371 Words   |  82 Pagesmust and continuous. Mass production requires mass consumption which in turn requires advertising to the mass market through the mass media. Advertising is not easily defined, though many people have tried. Narrowly, it means a paid form of non-personal communication that is transmitted through mass media such as television, radio, newspapers, magazines, direct mail, public transport vehicles, outdoor displays and also the Internet, which aims to persuade, inform, or sell. It flourishes mainly inRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pagesimplied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives orwritten sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For generalRead MoreFor Against by L.G. Alexander31987 Words   |  128 Pagesbiggest money waster 29 Violence can do nothing to diminish race prejudice 30 The most important of all human qualities is a sense of humour FORTY ADDITIONAL TOPICS 64 66 The arguments put forward in these essays do not necessarily reflect the personal opinions of the author. vi To the Teacher THE CONVERSATION LESSON In most advanced English courses, time is usually set aside for conversation lessons. These can be the most difficult and most unrewarding of all the lessons the teacherRead MoreThe Automated Testing Handbook22931 Words   |  92 Pagesreprinted for universities and the Auerbach Systems Handbook. She co-edited Dare to be Excellent with Alka Jarvis on best practices and has published numerous articles on software development and testing. But most importantly she brings two decades of personal experience with thousands of people and hundreds of companies that is distilled into practical advice. Introduction The risk of software failure has never been greater. The estimated annual economic impact ranges from $60 billion for poor testing

Biol 130 First Midterm Notes Free Essays

Unit 1 – Introduction to the Cell Robert Hooke – built the first microscope (30x magnification); viewed slices of cork called cellula (little rooms). Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek – worked with glass huge improvement in quality of lenses nearly 300x magnification became possible first to observe: * single-celled organisms â€Å"animalcules† * protists from pond water * bacteria from his mouth – â€Å"father of microbiology† * blood cells * banded pattern in muscle cells * sperm from †¦ 1830s – Compound microscope – improved magnification and resolution and allowed visualization of objects less than 1 ? . 1000-1500x magnification Beginning of Cell Theory Robert Brown (botanist) – noticed that every plant cell contained a round structure called it ‘kernel’-nucleus Matthias Schleiden (another botanist) – all plant tissues are composed of cells; embryonic plant always arose from a single cell Theodor Schwann (zoologist) – similar observations in animal cells; recognition of structural similarities btw plants and animals! * Cell Theory formulated by Schwann Cell Theory 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Biol 130 First Midterm Notes or any similar topic only for you Order Now all organisms consist of one or more cells 2. he cell is the basic unit of structure for all organisms 3. added 20 years later: all cells arise only from pre-existing cells fact (scientific) – an attempt to state our best current understanding, based on observations and experiments(valid only until revised or replaced) Steps in Scientific Method 1. make observations 2. use inductive reasoning to develop tentative explanation (hypothesis) 3. make predictions based on your hypothesis 4. make further observations or design and carry out controlled experiments to test your hypothesis 5. nterpret your results to see if they support your hypothesis Theory – a hypothesis that has been tested critically under many different conditions andby many different investigators . using a variety of different approaches. By the time an explanation is regarded as a theory it is widely accepted by most scientists in the cell * the â€Å"solid ground† of science: evolution, germ the ory, cell theory *If a theory is thoroughly tested and confirmed over many years by such large numbers of investigators that there is no doubt of its validity †¦ it may eventually be regarded as a law. Gravity, laws of thermodynamics, laws that govern behaviour of gases ‘Strands’ of Cell Biology 13 cytology 1600s Hooke looks at cork Leeuwenhoek looks at lots of things 1800s Brown notes nuclei bio-chemistry synthesis of urea in lab fermentation done by cells! glycolysis Krebs cycle every cell comes from a cell Schleiden Schwann formulate cell theory electron microscopy stains dyes genetics Mendel, pea plants DNA chromosomes chromosome theory 1930s DNA double helix DNA sequencing Dolly the sheep! nano-technology! genetic code Light Microscopy: Bright field – light passes through specimen, contrast is slow and specimen is hard to see Phase contrast – contrast is changed by changing light in microscope DIC – uses optical modifications to change contrast between cell and background – due to density differential Staining – stain used to visualize cell and components, only some stains can be used on living cells 14 bright field phase contrast DIC unstained (sperm cells) stained blood cells tissue – small intestine Fluorescent Microscopy – fluorescent dyes bind to protein or DNA to see where they are in cells – tracks movement Electron Microscopy(Scanning Transmission): SEM – scan surface of specimen to form image by detecting electrons from outer surface. Good surface images TEM – forms image from electrons passing through specimen therefore fine details of internal organelles 16 SEM TEM Basic Properties of Cells: * are highly complex and organized * atoms molecules macromolecules (organelles ) enclosed in plasma membrane * use the same ‘genetic program’ Central Dogma * DNA RNA protein * are capable of reproducing themselves * must first replicate genetic material acquire and use energy (â€Å"bioenergetics†) and carry out a variety of chemical reactions (â€Å"cellular metabolism†) * have many processes that are highly conserved at the molecular level * membrane structure, genetic code, ATP synthesizing enzymes, actin filaments, eukaryotic flagella, †¦ * engage in many mechanical activities * transport of materials in/out, within * assembly and disassembly of structures * motility / movement * respond to environmental signals * move away or toward stimuli * respond to hormones, growth factors, etc * are capable of self-regulationâ€Å"homeostasis† most evident when control systems break down; defects in DNA replication, DNA repair, cell cycle control Two Classes of Cells – karyon = nucleus Prokaryotic Cells: lack of nucleus, NO CYTOSKELETON(very small), membrane bound organelles. Mostly unicellular. Bacteria and Archaea. Single, circular strand of DNA(fewer proteins). Cell wall in addition to PM 1-10 uM in diameter. 2 types: 1. Eubacteria – all have cells walls except for mycoplasma(resistant to antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis). Mycoplasma(smallest) Cyanobacteria (largest and most complex). 2. Archaeabacteria – all have cell walls and are known as extermophiles, occupy broad range of habitats, halophiles=salty, acidophiles=acid, thermophiles= hot. Eukaryotic Cells: 10x larger than prokaryotic cells, membrane bound nucleus/organelles. More complex DNA due to histones/proteins. 4 groups: 1. Protists- very diverse group – mostly single cells; algae, water molds, slime molds, protozoa 2. Fungi – single cell(yeast) or multi-cellular(mushrooms) and have cell walls. Heterotrophs; depend on external source of organic compounds 3. Plant cells- multi-cellular and have cell walls. . Animals- multi-cellular, no cell walls and are heterotrophs Cytoplasm – everything between plasma membrane and nuclear membrane, includes all membrane-bound organelles (except nucleus) Cytosol – only fluid component Endomembrane system – internal membranes that are either in direct contact or connected via transfer of vesicles (sacs of membrane). including: nuclea r envelope / membrane, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles Nucleus – stores genetic information Endomembrane System – creates intracellular compartments with different functions. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER; rough, smooth), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes. Mitochondria – generate energy to power the cell Chloroplasts – capture energy from sunlight, convert to carbohydrate Cytoskeleton – regulates cell shape, movements of materials within the cell, movement of the cell itself Flow of Traffic in EMS – Rough ER: synthesis of proteins for – export (secretion) – insertion into membranes – lysosomes Golgi apparatus: collection, packaging distribution Lysosomes * cell ‘stomachs’ have enzymes that can digest †¦ * all 4 classes of biological macromolecules worn-out organelles (mitochondria replaced every 10 days) * material brought into cell by phagocytosis Phagocytosis – plasma membrane engulfs smaller molecule and then called phagosome. Lysosome takes it in and digests, small particles are releases into the cytoplasm. Autophagy – lysosome digests a damaged organelle, small particles are relea sed into cytosol. mitochondria (all eukaryotic cells) and chloroplasts (plant cells): * contain DNA that encodes some (but not all) of their own proteins * have unusual double layers of membranes Origin of Eukaryotic Cells: Endosymbiont Theory * once believed that eukaryotes evolved gradually, organelles becoming more and more complex * now accepted that early eukaryotes originated as predators * certain organelles (mitochondria, chloroplasts) evolved from smaller prokaryotes engulfed by larger cell * later chloroplasts and the ability to perform photosynthesis Symbiosis – Mutual Advantage advantage to host cell: * aerobic respiration (aerobic bacteria mitochondria) * photosynthesis (cyanobacteria chloroplasts) advantage to bacteria: * protected environment supply of carbon compounds from host cell’s other prey Evidence Supporting Endosymbiont Theory mitochondria and chloroplasts †¦ * are similar size to bacteria, reproduced by fission like bacteria * have double membranes, consistent with engulfing mechanism * have their own ribosomes, which resemble those of prokaryotes rather than eukaryotes in terms of size, composition and sensitivity to antibiotics * have their own genomes, which are organized like those of bacteria last but not least: * are genetically similar to proposed ‘parent’ bacteria rather than ukaryotic cells Cytoskeleton important in: * cell shape * cell motility * movement / position of organelles * movement of materials within cell * movement of chromosomes during mitosis Cytoplasm in a living cell is never static * cytoskeleton is constantly being taken apart and rebuilt * organelles and vesicles are racing back and forth * can cross the cell in ~ 1 second * unattached proteins moving randomly, but rapidly * can visit every corner of the cell within a few seconds * contents of cytosol are in constant thermal motion Common to all cells: * selectively permeable plasma membrane * genetic code; mechanism of transcription and translation * ATP for the transfer of energy and metabolic pathways Model Organisms 45 Unit 2a – Intro to Cellular Chemistry Most Common Elements in Living Organisms: * C H O N – make up 96% – also P and S are common too * Exist as complex macromolecules and simpler forms like water and carbon dioxide nucleus – dense core in centre, consists of protons and neutrons electrons – continually orbit the nucleus # of protons – defining feature of an element = atomic number – # protons + # neutrons = mass of an atom = mass number – by default, an atom is ‘neutral’, with # protons = # electrons – electrons influence reactivity of an atom †¦ Atomic mass = atomic number + # of neutrons (electrons are neglected because mass is so small) Isotopes – same number of protons but different number of neutrons in the same element Anion – gain electron and are negatively charged Cation – lose electron and are positively charged Outermost ‘valence’ shell influences an atom’s reactivity * electrons in outermost shell valence electrons * unpaired valance electrons determine the number of bonds an atom can make * atoms with filled valance shell = most stable, atoms that are closest to filling are most reactive * elements abundant in organisms have at least one unpaired valence electron Some Definitions: covalent bonds – two or more atoms share pairs of valence electrons * strong bonds of biological systems non-covalent bonds, including * ionic bonds * hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) * hydrophobic interactions olecule – group of atoms held together by energy in a stable association compound – molecule composed of two or more different types of atoms Types of Covalent Bonds * electrons shared ‘equally’ * non-polar covalent bond * can be single (like H2), double (O2) or even triple, depending on number of electrons shared * electrons not shared equally * polar covalen t bond * one of the atoms has a stronger pull on the electrons than the other * pull on electrons = electronegativity * water is the most abundant molecule in biological organisms * human body is ~70% water water as a solvent can dissolve more types of molecules than other molecule known * the polarity of water is key to its role in biology hydrogen bonding – electrical attraction between electronegative atom and partial positive of hydrogen hydrophobic – no affinity for water – â€Å"water fearing† hydrophilic – affinity for water – â€Å"water loving† Acid-base Reaction substance that gives up (donates) protons acid (increases [H+] in solution) substance that accepts protons base (decreases [H+] in solution) chemical reaction that involves transfer of protons acid-base reaction * most olecules act as either an acid or a base * water can be both (both gives up and accepts protons) weak acid: very few molecules dissociated (acetic aci d, water) strong acid: readily gives up protons (hydrochloric acid) when pH = pKa species is 50% ionized Carbon is the most important element in biology carbon atoms give biomolecules their shape but other atoms attached to carbons determine their reactivity * critical H, N, O containing attachments called functional groups *learn orgo functional groups for this course Macromolecules * large, organized molecules that are typically created by polymerization * biological macromolecules (biomolecules) provide the structure and carry out the activities of a cell 4 groups: * carbohydrates(polysaccharides) * lipids(fats) * proteins * nucleic acids * monomers of groups are different – chemical reactions used to make the chains are similar Overview of Macromolecules 3 Proteins – more functions than any other group of macromolecule * enzymes – catalysis; accelerate chemical reactions transport – through cell membranes, in circulation * support – cytoskeleton, fibres of cartilage, hair, nails * signalling / regulatory – hormones, membrane proteins, intracellular messengers * movement- of the cell itself – contractile proteins, flagella – within the cell – motor proteins * defense – antibodies, complement proteins Proteins are Polymers * amino acids are connected in linear polymers of a spe cific sequence * 20 genetically encoded amino acid monomers to pick from * string of amino acids (AAs) = peptide or polypeptide polypeptide folded and coiled into a specific conformation = protein * sometimes 2 or more peptide chains (subunits) combine to form mature, functional protein Amino Acid Structure AAs are ionized under physiological conditions ionization increases solubililty, facilitates interactions with each other and other solutes, increases reactivity (zwitterions) 7 non-ionized ionized R group unique to each AA oxygens tend to pull electrons away, making it easy to lose proton gains a proton Amino Acid Side Chains – R Groups: * nonpolar – hydrophobic R groups no charged or electronegative atoms to form H bonds * insoluble in water * R groups bury themselves with the peptide chain to ‘hide’ from water * polar side chains – soluble in water * uncharged – but partial charges can form H-bonds * charged – groups containing a cids or bases – highly soluble in water AA are linked together by covalent peptide bonds: carbon from carboxyl group is linked to N terminus of amino group. R groups and central C’s do not participate in the bond. Condensation Reaction – making the chain Hydrolysis – breaking the chain Polypeptide chain: side chains extend from peptide-bonded backbone * chain is flexible – can rotate at single bonds on either side of peptide bonds * so side chains are not all projecting to one side! * chains can be from 2-3 to thousands of AAs in length * backbone is directional, convention is to number AA ‘residues’ starting at N terminus this is the primary sequence Sickle Cell Anemia – disease in which red blood cells are abnormally shaped. Caused by single point mutation which results in substitution of single amino acid in one chain of hemoglobin protein Protein Structure: Primary Structure – unique sequence of amino acids Secondary Structure – Folding into elements of structure, hydrogen bonding between amino acids(R groups not involved). 2 shapes: alpha helix and beta pleated sheet(parallel and antiparallel). * learn more Tertiary Structure- interactions of elements of secondary structure forming a global fold, folded into these unique shapes by ionic bonds (electrostatic),hydrogen bonds, disulphide bridges, hydrophobic interaction, van der waals – dipole-dipole(all non-covalent except for S-S). Order of amino acids determines final shape. Maintain globular shape even if very weak. Quaternary Structure – more than one polypeptide chain put together to form the final functional protein, linked by covalent and non-covalent interactions. Protein Domain – segment of polypeptide that forms a compact, stable and independently folding structure. Often the building blocks for larger, more complex proteins. Disulfide bonds * covalent stabilization of protein structure found in secreted proteins (destined for a more hostile extracellular environment) * formed in ER (oxidizing environment) Once folded, do proteins ever unfold? changes in physical or chemical conditions (pH, salt concentration, temperature) disruption of H-bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bridges, etc that maintain the protein’s shape protein ‘denatures’ or unfolds Possible to renature Do proteins ever fold incorrectly? any mutation that leads to a missing or incorrect amino acid can lead to incorrectly folded protein WHY 32 Possible outcomes: mutation – leads to incorrectly folded protein * protein never functions properly loss of function protein folds properly at first but unfolds under certain conditions eventually loss of function * protein misfolds AND is deposited in insoluble aggregates within cell * loss of function and disruption of other aspects of cell activity * many human diseases now known to be associated with misfolded proteins . Alzheimers, cystic fibrosis, type II diabetes, retinitis pigmentosa, Parkinsons, Creutzfeldt-Jakob, some cancers *read about catalysts and enzymes in Janelle’s notes, page 8-9 Nucleic Acids: Information Polymers * deoxy ribo nucleic acid (DNA) sequence of subunits in DNA polymer directs RNA synthesis * ribo nucleic acid (RNA) * RNA directs ordering of AAs in a peptide chain * information stored as DNA sequences enables living organisms to pass on hereditary information * also allows each cell to pass on hereditary information to the next generation of cells Monomers of Nucleic Acids: Deoxyribo nucleotides – phosphate + deoxyribose + nitrogenous base(A,C, G, or T) Ribo nucleotides – phosphate + ribose + base (A,C,G, or U) Nucleic acids are linear (unbranched) polymers of nucleotides * each nucleotide consists of three parts: * a nitrogenous base a (5-carbon) pentose sugar * a phosphate group Purines = AGPyramidines= C,T and U * Ribose + base = nucleoside * Ribose + base + phosphate = nucleotide Functions of Nucleotides * monomeric units of RNA and DNA * important signal molecules within cells * cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) * important agents in energy transfer reactions * cleave off phosphate group to release stored energy * act as coenzymes – organic non-protein molecules required for enzyme function * usually adenine-containing nucleotides combined with B vitamins 8 condensation reaction 5’ end – beginning of chain. Chains always built 5’ 3’. Look at above example phosphate group is 5’ 3’ end – where new bases can be added Polymerization rxn’s are endergonic: * making phosphodiester bonds requires energy * energy comes from addition of 2 phosphate groups. * Activated nucleotides = nucleotide triphophates The most famous phosphorylated nucleotide †¦ adenosine triphosphate = ATP 11 adenine 4’ 5’ 5 6 1 2 3 9 4 8 7 1’ 3’ 2’ O P CH2 O O O– P O O O– P O –O O– OH OH O NH2 N N N N ribose adenine + ribose (= adenosine) Secondary Structure of DNA: two strands of DNA align in ‘antiparallel’ arrangement with bases facing inwards. H-bonds form between bases. P P P P P P P P C C G G A A T T P O O O O O O O O O O O C G OH P Note: 3 H-bonds between C and G, 2 between A and T. Only space in the sugar phosphate backbone is for Pyramidine and Purine to bond together. Features of DNA Double Helix * stabilized by H-bonds between complementary bases and hydrophobic interactions between bases * entire molecule water-soluble because charged phosphates backbone face outward * major and minor grooves are significant in regulation of gene transcription Higher Order DNA Structure: DNA molecules can adopt higher order structure – Allows for compact packaging and strict regulation of gene expression RNA vs DNA like DNA: sugar-phosphate backbone covalently linked by phosphodiester bonds * 4 different bases unlike DNA: * uracil (U) instead of thymine (T) * pairing is A-U, C-G * sugar is ribose instead of deoxyribose * hydroxyl group makes ribose much more reactive * RNA is much less stable than DNA Secondary Structure of RNA: like DNA: * H-bonds form between complementary ba se pairs unlike DNA: * most of the time, this base-pairing is between bases on the same strand * leads to formation of ‘stem and loop’ structures with single-stranded regions and double-stranded antiparallel regions * H-bonding is spontaneous, stabilizes the molecule final molecule is single-stranded * Complex folds can result in some RNA having catalytic activity Carbohydrates * Group of molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio: (CH2O)n Only monomers are in this ratio, oligomers you lose water * Monomer=monosaccharide * Dimer=disaccharide * Trimer=trisaccharide/oligosaccharide Types: 1. Monosaccharides – simple sugars 2. Oligosaccharides – small chains (oligo=few) * Attached to proteins – glycoproteins * Attached to lipids – glycolipids 3. Polysaccharides – very long sugar chains Typical Structural Features of Sugar Monomers: carbonyl group (either ketone or aldehyde) * lots of -OH groups * vary in length of carbon skeleton (C3, C5, C6, †¦) – triose, pentose, hexose * isomeric forms (glucose, fructose, galactose) * identical chemical groups arranged differently * monosaccharides often form rings in solution Isomers – same atoms, different arrangements structural isomer – identical groups but bonded to different carbons stereo (optical) isomer – identical groups bonded to same carbons but in different orientations sixteen different hexose structures possible, all with formula C6H12O6 C O H C OH OH H C OH H HO C H C O H C OH H H C OH H C OH H C OH H HO C H H C OH H structural isomer stereo- isomer H C C O HO C H H C OH H C OH H HO C H H C OH H fructose glucose galactose *arrangement of hydroxyl groups make a big difference in biological function Disaccharide – 2 sugar monomer: * glucose + fructose = sucrose(table sugar) * glucose + lactose = lactose * glucose + glucose = maltose Formation of disaccharides by condensation reactions. monomers are linked when C1 of one monosaccharide binds to a C on another – often C4 geometry of bond different depending on hether OH group of C1 is in ? or ? position which C of other sugar is involved in linkage 7 C1, ? C4 ?-glucose ?-glucose maltose, ? -1,4 glycosidic bond ?-galactose ?-glucose lactose, ? -1,4 glycosidic bond (glucose has flipped over) C1, ? C4 Polymerization to build Polysaccharides starch both are storage forms for energy starch – plants; glycogen – animals both consist of ? -glucose monome rs linked by ? -1,4 bonds both coil into a helix (due to geometry of linkages) starch is mixture of unbranched amylose and branched amylopectin glycogen is highly branched lycogen Structural Polysaccharide in Plants: Cellulose 9 polymer of ? -glucose, joined by ? -1,4 linkages each glucose is flipped relative to adjacent ones allows for H-bonding between adjacent strands extremely stable most abundant organic molecule on earth parallel strands joined by H-bonds Structural Polysaccharide in Animals: Chitin a component of cell walls of fungi, exoskeletons of arthropods (insects, crustaceans), radulas of molluscs, beaks of cephalopods second most abundant organic molecule on earth like cellulose, joined by ? 1,4 linkages but rather than glucose, monomer is N-acetylglucosamine like cellulose, also strengthened by H-bonding btw strands 10 Structural Polysaccharide in Bacteria: Peptidoglycan component of bacterial cell walls the most complex CHO so far! two different alternating monomers linked by ? -1,4 bonds chain of amino acids attached to one of the sugars – peptide bonds instead of H-bonds (stronger) Significance of how monosaccharides are linked: * ? -1-4 linkages of starch and glycogen readily hydrolyzed * ? 1-4 linkages in structural polysaccharides very resistant to enzymatic degradation For example: enzymes that digest cellulose (cellulase) produced only by certain classes of bacteria, fungi and protozoa Difference between glycosidic bonds from peptide and phosphodiester bonds: in common: * condensation reactions different: * peptide and phosphodiester bonds always occur at the same position within their monomers * each sugar monomer has several hydroxyl groups, and geometry of glycosidic bonds is highly variable Functions of Carbohydrates: Structural: * cellulose, chitin and peptidoglycan Cell-cell recognition: * membrane proteins covalently bonded to oligosaccharides Energy Storage * ? -1,4 –linkages of starch and glycogen are readily hydrolyzed to release stored energy Lipids * group of carbon-containing compounds that are largely non-polar / hydrophobic * significant proportion of a given lipid molecule is hydrocarbon * the only macromolecule that is not a polymer major groups of lipids in cells: * fats / oils – energy storage * sterols * cholesterol – membrane component * steroids – hormones * * Phospholipids * major component of biological membranes Fats (Triacylglycerols, Triglycerides) * form that fat is stores in apidose tissie * glycerol with 3 fatty acids attached * the link between glycerol and fatty acid = ester bond: condenstation rxn (liberates water) * hydrophobic * fatty acid(carboxylic acid with long hydrocarbon tail) Saturated Fatty Acid – have maximum number of hydrogen atoms on each atom; straight and flexible because of only single bonds Unsaturated Fatty Acid – contain at least 1 double bond. The double bond is rigid and creates a kink in the chain. The rest of the chain however is free to rotate about C-C bonds. Cis – H on the same side of double bond; don’t solidify easily Trans – H on the opposite side of the double bond. Hydrogenation – making a fat saturated/more solid at room temperature to improve shelf life therefore less healthy. Sterols – group of steroids based on cholesterol(important component of cell membrane) Phospholipids : * 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, 1 phosphate group(polar head group) * Amphipathic = hydrophilic and hydrophilic regions – their most important feature with respect to biology Micelles – sphere with hydrophobic tails ‘hiding’ in centre . Can only occur with relatively short tails Lipid Bilayer: Universal Structure for all Biological Membranes composition varies with: type of organism (prokaryote vs animal vs plant vs †¦) type of cell within organism (muscle, liver, sperm, egg, †¦) type of membrane within cell (plasma membrane, Golgi, ER) inner versus outer layer different patches or ‘domains’ within a particular membrane Fig 11-4 two closely apposed sheets of lipids, studded with proteins lipids serve as permeability barrier proteins perform most of the functions carbohydrates (sugars) attached to protein and lipids in a non-random manner *all membrane lipids are amphipathic Lipid bilayers form spontaneously: hydrophobic molecules would exclude water, clustering together to minimize energy cost of organizing water molecules * form large droplets or surface film * amphipathic molecules are subject to conflicting forces * solved by formation of bilayer * energetically most favourable stable, spontaneous * lipid bilayers are †¦ * closed – no free edges * self-sealing * important feature for cell fusion, budding, locomotion Fluid Mosaic Model * The plasma membrane is described to be fluid because of its hydrophobic integral components such as lipids and membrane proteins that move laterally or sideways throughout the membrane. That means the membrane is not solid, but more like a ‘fluid’. * phospholipids are constantly moving spinning in place; travelling laterally within ‘leaflet’ * phospholipids are occasionally ‘flipped’ to the opposite leaflet during membrane synthesis but they rarely ‘flop’ back * even proteins cruise slowly through the membrane! Membrane fluidity – how easily lipid molecules move within a membrane leaflet Alignment of phospholipid tails * tightly packed tails membrane more viscous, less fluid * freely moving tails higher fluidity What aspects of phospholipid composition influence this? length of fatty acids * from 14-24 carbons, 18-20 carbons most common * degree of saturation of fatty acids # double bonds * typically one saturated fatty acid and one with one or more double bonds Cholesterol: * under physiological conditions, cholesterol makes membrane stiffer – less fluid * cholesterol can make up to 50% of plasma mem brane lipid in some animal cells Regulation of Membrane Fluidity: – fluid state must be maintained for normal cell function strategies for maintaining membrane fluidity: * change composition of membranes * alter phospholipids desaturate fatty acids (to deal with cold) eg cold water vs warm water fish * change length of FA chains (yeast, bacteria) * adjust amounts of cholesterol (animals) these mechanisms have been demonstrated in: * pond fish dealing with dramatic day / night temp differences * cold-resistant plants * extremophile bacteria living in hot springs * winter wheat preparing for autumn ^ polyunsaturated FAs * sperm reduce their cholesterol just before fertilization †¦ Functions of Lipids: * storage of chemical energy * signal molecules * vitamins * wax coating on leaves * biological membranes How to cite Biol 130 First Midterm Notes, Essay examples